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Middle-range theory (archaeology)
In archaeology, middle range theory refers to theories linking human behavior and natural processes to physical remains in the archaeological record. It allows archaeologists to make inferences in the other direction: from archaeological finds in the present to behaviors in the past. Middle range theories are derived from ethnoarchaeology and experimental research in combination with the study of taphonomic processes.
==Background and application==
The term was adapted from middle range theory in anthropological archaeology by Lewis Binford. He conducted ethnographic fieldwork amongst modern hunter-gatherer peoples such as the Nunamiut Eskimo, the Navajo, and Australian Aborigines in order to understand the pattern of waste their activities generated. He then used this data to infer the behavior of Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers from the waste they left in the archaeological record.
Binford and many of his contemporaries viewed the construction of middle range theories as a fundamental first step in understanding how people in the past behaved. However, middle range research has since been criticised as logically flawed. Its critics argued that it rested on the unjustified assumption that there is a uniform link between behavior and physical remains that holds true throughout human history. Its conclusions were argued to be untestable because their application was founded on a tautology: evidence from contemporary peoples (e.g. modern hunter-gatherers) was asserted to be applicable to people in the past (e.g. Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers) because they behaved in a similar way, but that same evidence was used to reconstruct the behavior of the past people.
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